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Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations. The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.
For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above. Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman.
Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press. For more examples, see 1 5. In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages. Thoreau, Henry David. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press. The Making of the American Essay. For more details, see Lahiri, Jhumpa.
In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any or simply omit. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary. Kurland, Philip B. Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. LaSalle, Peter. Project MUSE. Satterfield, Susan. Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences.
If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al.
For more than ten authors not shown here , list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. Bay, Rachael A. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly.
In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.
Manjoo, Farhad. Mead, Rebecca. Pai, Tanya. Pegoraro, Rob. LexisNexis Academic. For more examples, see Kakutani, Michiko. New York Times , November 7, Stamper, Kory. Audio, Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n. Bouman, Katie. Video, Last modified April 17, Yale University.
For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5. Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text as in the first example below. If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post. Chicago Manual of Style. We thought so back in Souza, Pete petesouza. Michele Truty, April 17, , p. Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.
Grazer and Fishman , 12 Smith , — Austen , chap. Manjoo Mead , 43 Pai Pegoraro Bouman Google Yale University, n.
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